Trifter

The Late Middle Ages

The end of the invasions and the organization of Europe to stable units of government,begging in the 11th century, were heralds of modern times.

Cardiff Castle in Whales is a typical medieval fortress

From England to Russia and from Norway to Italy, the forerunners of modern nation were evolving.The church , under the guidance of outstanding popes, embarked on the series of reform to strengthen and purify itself.

Wealth from trade and exploration helped to developed Netherlands

Renaissance and Exploration

Two important movements mark the close of Middle Ages in the Europe and the beginning of modern times.they were the renaissance(as the rebirth of the interest in classical civilization is called) and the great exploration of European seamen.

Versailles, a French palace,symbolized royal power and prestige

Two Revolution

From the end of the religious war in the mid-17th-century until 1789, France was flourishing but troubled nation.The middle class increasingly disliked the  absolute rules of its kings,who claimed to rule by”divine right”.Prosperous merchant hoping for a voice in government were unhappy to hear the legendary remark of King Louis XIV, [i am the state].” The revolution that began French in 1789 was based on the “enlighten” hope that the government could be recognized to served all French citizens equally.

Paris’ Arc DE Triumph, the world largest triumphal arc,was built as a memorial to Napoleon’s victories

The 20th Century

In 1900,European leaders were still for the part hereditary king and emperors.France along the major European nation was a republic.